Media reporting and racism based crime edited by:Marko Nikolić

Includes references and index.

The issue of racism is closely associated with the consciousness of society, the media image, and to the deep-rooted stereotypes. Fear of the unknown, conspiracy theories and historical influences are always near. Economy, education, a behavior of politicians, and other factors influencing the stability of certain country are relevant in determining whether negative racial stereotypes will take charge at some point. Also, racist subcultural groups are an element that we must always be aware of. Tragedies, such as hate crimes, happen more than once when certain negative opinions become widespread, perhaps even dominant. The trigger for the crime could be anywhere, but it is certain that the media have a significant role in it. An accusing article or a TV report could provoke the darkest feelings in the audience. Someone who you would never tell that could commit a crime, you might see as a part of lynch mob, or as a deranged individual taking vengeance. The basis is in the historical and the economic conditions, or in the ignorance, and through history we have learned that this negative phenomenon is erupting through indoctrination or the raising of emotional tension. We could analyze the phenomenon of racism regarding its causal and consequential relation with the media. Here we will stay on the problems of modern society, but it is important to note that everything said before, could be associated to the Second World War, the consequences of the American Civil War and hundreds of other conflicts in the world. It is important to emphasize that, for the author, the social media represent an integral part of media image and communication, and will be included in this book. Given that the definition of the racism is similar everywhere in the world, we will start our study on the example of Australia. Some would say that Australia is one of the most distant continents; however, we could not avoid it regarding the topic of this book. In order to open up our topic and start analyzing the impact of racism in social networks, we will review the case of the show “Hey Hey” from 2009. This Australian example is just seemingly harmless; actually, it opens up the possibility for a comprehensive analysis. After that, we immediately turn to the influence of a global platform - YouTube to this issue.

When we mention racism, usually we think of apartheid and South Africa; therefore we will dedicate the next chapter to this region. Film as an important medium of modern culture must certainly have an influence, especially on the younger generation, and not only for the scientific purposes of interpreting the reaction of the viewer. The film somewhat shapes and directs discourse and breaks the barriers. Although there are different opinions about the influence of the film on racism, our collection certainly deserves a chapter devoted to the phenomenon of the seventh art. For years, some negative issues – negative according to dominant population, have been connected to a particular racial group. Usually these are stereotypes, although the focus cannot be on the race of the perpetrator or the victim, this is a pattern that exists in the whole world. This chapter follows a type of criminal behavior associated with the Asian gangs in London. Offenders in both racist and religiously motivated hate crimes in the United Kingdom are usually white men, with these incidents tending to take place in public spaces, especially those close to religious and community buildings. The post-9/11 period must cover a clear overview of Islamophobia in Western countries, massive migrations in Europe, and the correlation of racial/religious elements and crimes, as they are the most fertile ground for increasing number of racist incidents. In order to continue the comparison from the beginning of the book, we will cover the Tamworth Council Sudanese Refugees Resettlement Case, and examine Australian media reporting on this matter. Afterward, we’ll deal with the Islamophobia in general. The issues of racism and extreme right-wing groups have a particular meaning in countries such as Poland or even Israel. One chapter is dedicated to public discourse in Poland before we look more closely at the experiences of the black population. What is the manipulative capacity of the media in general, and what are the effects of an article or a TV report on the audience? We will make a review from the scientific standpoint, separate from criminality and racism, expecting that it will help us to understand even delicate weaving of our topic. It’s somewhat easy to recognize violence, aggression or prejudice, although it’s hard to fight against them. The question is what else we could read between the lines and what might be the effect on our mind? Vaatstra murder in the society and media outlets involved the incrimination of the asylum seekers by the vocal part of the local community. The next chapter will deal in more detail with the omission from the Netherlands as well as the xx

role of the media in the criminalization of ethnic groups, and the relations between the criminalization and the racialization. In the end, we will examine trolling, hate speech, and cyber racism in social media as phenomena taking charge worldwide, and can lead to serious consequences. We will consider sexual violence associated with the racism and the media, as well.